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Constitution and unity of Italy.

to reflect together on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of unification, it seemed significant and profound intervention of Giovanni Maria Flick (President Emeritus of the Constitutional Court, former Minister of Justice in govenro warriors, etc.), which puts correlation in Unity and Constitutional Charter, retracing the steps and long-term changes and proposed lines of development for the future.

constitution and unity of Ita lia

The Charter sees the center of the system, not the State but the person

On March 17, 1861 V ittorio Emanuele II, King of Sardinia became - by the grace of God and the will of the nation - the king of Italy, beginning the long path as the unification of Italy. They are now going there ntocinquanta years and we are preparing to celebrate the anniversary: \u200b\u200bwhat is the best way to remember an event properly so important to the history of our country?

First, I believe that the anniversary should be celebrated trying to avoid the rhetoric to usually, unfortunately, customary on such occasions, but also trying to avoid approaching or extremism that is what happened in these one hundred and fifty years is all beautiful and positive (ignoring the errors and ambiguities) or, conversely, is all wrong and reject (ignoring the successes and achievements). Reflecting on the current situation with a critical spirit, someone even asks whether it still makes sense to talk about unification of Italy, and is it still possible and useful to look at the past in order to draw some lessons for the present and the future, according to the that is written on the input of the concentration camp at Dachau: "Those who ignore the past are condemned to repeat it."

To answer these questions, it is worthwhile to take a look back at one hundred and fifty years after: a parable that has as its central point that the Constitution is now the foundation of our way of life together. It was preceded by a unification that has been articulated through four wars of independence, three had built, while the fourth (the war of 1915-1918) had established, completing the first Risorgimento. But in that same dish also fit fascism, the Second World War, the defeat, the loss of national unity, when the country returned to divide between the United South and the Social Republic in the North. Finally, in the parable of this, there is resistance, civil war, the second Risorgimento, to the choice and the Republican Constitution, which is - chronologically also - and today the central moment of our experience and our life unit. Especially with the Constitution - its origins, its writing, its implementation (certainly incomplete) - then we must look back, to celebrate these one hundred and fifty years, and I try to do it with words - so actual - of two of my predecessors authoritative .

The first of these, Enrico De Nicola, was a liberal monarch, who became interim head of state and then first president of the Constitutional Court. At the first hearing of Qu est'ultima in 1956, said: "The Constitution is not widely known even by those who talk saccenza. Must be promptly disclosed before it is too late." The second, Leopoldo Elia, also President of the Court in 2008 on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the Constitution, pointed out that "it is deeply relevant, has been able to understand new phenomena, not foreseen when it was written." He was referring to issues like the environment, privacy, the market and competition, the European dimension, issues that the Constitution has certainly been able to grasp, allowing the development, implementation and protection, while not explicitly provided for them. These two statements - significant in times wondering if he struggles on the Constitution is outdated and if, therefore, should be changed - I would add a third. Today, the Constitution not only is little known, even by experts; not only is present, sixty years after its birth, but it is also the key to understanding the significance of the unification of Italy and its continuation on a new basis and present, through the continuation and evolution of patriotism, in step from first to second Risorgimento.

is a building, the one proposed by the Constitution, which sees the core of our system is no longer the state as under fascism, but the person. It stretches the definition of a series of civil relations, social, economic and political, where the Constitution develops the rights and duties which are closely linked. I believe that the values \u200b\u200bcontained in the fundamental principles which opens our Constitution, can be effectively summarized in the principle of equal social dignity and the principle of secularism.

The first is a value in the content, which is what the article 3 of the Constitution, stressing the relationship between the formal equality of all before the law and substantial equality, which must be achieved by removing existing inequalities that prevent full participation of all (not just citizens) in public and social life. The same social dignity is the key link between equality and diversity (pluralism), which is another of the fundamental values \u200b\u200bof our Constitution, through solidarity.

beside the value of dignity, of content, placing the value of secularism, a value method (the method Democratic), not mentioned explicitly in the Constitution, but the Constitutional Court has derived from it by a ruling of 1989, after the amendments to the Concordat with the Catholic Church in 1984. Secularism must be understood not only by reference to the relationship between church and state and the religious dimension, but also with regard to mutual respect - in the knowledge of their values \u200b\u200bwhile respecting the values \u200b\u200bof the other - and dialogue, in contrast to overwhelm. It is, in short, what Bobbio called "accept the other for what it is." This value comes dall'eguaglianza and religious freedom, the rejection of secularism, but also in terms of radicalism, fanaticism and intolerance, is the prospect of dialogue in mutual respect. In the first

Risorgimento the nation has made reference to the state through a series of values \u200b\u200bsuch as history, culture, language, territory, although at a later time, this sense of belonging to the nation was troubled by centralism, bureaucracy, from what has been called the "piemontesizzazione" South, by the shortcomings of the state, up to the risk of separation between nation and state. In the second Risorgimento, the theme of home was expressed by reference to common and shared values \u200b\u200band belonging to the community: a constitutional patriotism that is based on new values, more current than those on which he first played the patriotism, therefore, able to manage our coexistence in the future and tackle the problems of globalization.

values \u200b\u200bare an asset of the first Renaissance elitist - especially given to intellectuals, through culture, history, traditions, language - which was mostly extraneous or indifferent to the people, except for some isolated experience: the popular participation in the Expedition of the Thousand, for Five Days of Milan, in riots. The second Risorgimento proposes, instead, another set of values: the formal and substantive equality, solidarity, democracy, popular sovereignty, pluralism, pacifism, unity and indivisibility of Italy and at the same time autonomy.

The Constitution was created with the second Risorgimento, after the dictatorship, the defeat and the division has arisen again in 1943 in Italy between the Kingdom of the South, where the state continued to exist thanks to an ally, and the Social Republic North, what has been called the death of the country, but in fact was the reason for its rebirth.

One of the phenomena on which I think is fair to think more, to better understand the current situation, is the resistance: a global phenomenon, characterized by partisan armed struggle, by the faithfulness and witness of the military (think of those who died on Cephalonia and those who refused to swear in the concentration camps) and the participation of the civilian population. We can not certainly ignore the fighting, the violence, the reciprocal wrongs that have characterized the Resistance. Some skeptical of - if not the possibility - of having a shared memory. I believe we need to reach at least the awareness of diversity and contrast between the memories, notwithstanding the awareness of what was to be the "right" with host, in the name of freedom and against dictatorship and oppression. But we must also try to come not so much to share, but rather to the understanding of who was wrong in good faith.

After the resistance, followed by other crucial events. First, there was the choice of 2 June 1946, with the referendum and the transition from monarchy to republic, moments of tension, accusations of fraud and renewed conflict between the North and South republican monarchy, which they fear again (as De Gasperi) for the moral unity and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The referendum was a form of respect for the will of the people, while leaving the people to choose between the Republic and Monarchy. The referendum was followed by the Constituent Assembly, which represented the first opportunity for universal suffrage and votes for women, and came to write and agree - with a huge majority - the Constitution in force since 1? January 1948: a constitution, a compromise "high" between the liberal and elitist component, the component of the Catholic component of the social-communist.

A constitution that focuses on the person, in his individual value and its social projection, and that had a double, a very important meaning. On the one hand, represents the rejection of the past, dictatorship, fascism and its reference values \u200b\u200b(corporatism, the warmongering, self-sufficiency, racism) and on the other hand, represents the renewal through a deal for the future, where they hoped to reach a new climate that would allow co-existence of our people.

After the entry into force of the Constitution, the parties that had played a key role in connecting civil society to revive from a state, then they finished the deal with the state and institutions, both have returned the office centralism and bureaucracy, which had been one of the vices of the first unified state. The Constitution, in part has not been implemented, in part, was implemented very late, so that someone spoke of the Constitution betrayed. Those defects, those ambiguity, those vices that had marked the first Renaissance, also marked the second.

Giovanni Maria Flick

( L'Osservatore Romano, 14 to 15 March 2011)

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150 years!

150 YEARS OF ITALIAN UNIT



SETS OUT ALL THE tricolor
IN MEMORY OF THOSE WHO HAVE FOUGHT FOR COUNTRY KINGDOM AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY.

AND WE DO SO THAT EVERY DAY IS ON 17 MARCH!

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Lent: Walking towards Easter.

Message of His Holiness Benedict XVI for Lent 2011

Dear brothers and sisters,

Lent, which leads us to the celebration of Easter, the Church is a liturgical very valuable and important, in view of which I am pleased to say a specific word in order to live with due diligence . While watching the meeting Spouse in the final with his eternal Easter, the ecclesial community, assiduous in prayer and charity, he intensified his way of cleansing the spirit, to draw more abundant za mystery of redemption to the new life in Christ the Lord ( Preface I diQuaresima).

1. This life there has already been forwarded on the day of our baptism, when, "become partakers of the death and resurrection of Christ", has started for us, "the joyful and exciting adventure of a disciple" (Homily on the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord, January 10, 2010). St. Paul, in his letters, repeatedly insists on the singular communion with the Son of God made in this bath. The fact that in most cases you receive the baptism of children highlights that this is a gift from God, no one deserves eternal life by their own efforts. The mercy of God which takes away the sin and can live their lives in "the same sentiments of Christ Jesus" (Phil 2:5), is bestowed on us for free.
The Apostle of the Gentiles, in his Letter to the Philippians, expresses the sense of transformation that takes place with the participation in the death and resurrection of Christ, indicating the goal: that "I may know Him and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship to his suffering, making consistent with its death, hoping to attain the resurrection from the dead "(Phil 3.10 to 11). Baptism, then, is not a rite of the past, but an encounter with Christ which the whole existence of the baptized, God gives life and calls him to a sincere conversion, initiated and sustained by grace, that the ports reach the adult height of Christ. A link to the particular alloy Baptism Lent as a favorable moment to experience the saving grace.

The Fathers of Vatican II have called all the pastors of the Church to use "more abundantly the baptismal features proper to the Lenten liturgy" (Constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium, 109). Always, In fact, the Church combines the celebration of the Easter Vigil Baptism: Sacrament takes place in this great mystery why the man dies to sin, is made partaker of new life in the Risen Christ and receive the same Spirit of God who raised Jesus from the dead (cf. Rom 8:11). This free gift should always be revived in each of us and Lent offers us a path similar to the catechumenate, which for Christians of the early Church, as well as the catechumens now, is a school of irreplaceable faith and Christian life: they really live Baptism as a decisive act throughout their existence.

2. To take seriously the way to Easter and prepare to celebrate the Resurrection of the Lord - the most joyous and solemn celebration of the liturgical year - what could be more suitable to be led by the Word of God? For this reason the Church, in the Gospel texts of the Sundays of Lent leads us to a particularly intense encounter with the Lord, making us retrace the path of Christian initiation: for the catechumens, the prospect of receiving the sacrament of rebirth for those who is baptized, in view of new and decisive steps in following Christ and the gift more fully to Him

the first Sunday of the Lenten journey highlights our human condition here on earth. The victorious battle against the temptations, which begins the mission of Jesus is an invitation to become aware of its fragility to receive the grace that frees us from sin and gives new strength in Christ, way, truth and life (cf. Ordo Initiationis Christianae Adultorum , n. 25). It 'a strong reminder to remember how the Christian faith involving the example of Jesus, in union with him, a struggle "against the rulers of this dark world" (Eph 6:12), in which the devil is at work and not get tired, even today, groped the man who wants to get closer to the Lord Christ comes out victorious, to open our hearts to hope and lead us to overcome the temptations of evil.

The Gospel of the Transfiguration of the Lord places before our eyes the glory of Christ, the resurrection and anticipates announcing the deification of man. The Christian community is aware of being carried out, as the apostles Peter, James and John, "aside, on a high mountain" (Mt 17:1), to welcome again in Christ, as sons in the Son, the gift of grace God: "This is my Son, my beloved in him I am well pleased. Listen to him "(v. 5). E 'invitation to move away from the noise of everyday life to plunge into God's presence: He wants to send, each day, a word that penetrates into the depths of our spirit, which discerns the good and evil (cf. Heb 4:12) and strengthens the will to follow the Lord.

The question of Jesus to the Samaritan woman: "Give me a drink " (Jn 4:7), which is presented on the third Sunday in the liturgy, expressing the love of God for every man and wants to arouse in our hearts the desire to give of the 'water welling up to eternal life "(v. 14) is the gift of the Holy Spirit, which Christians" true worshipers "able to pray to the Father" in spirit and truth "(v. 23). Only this water can quench our thirst for goodness, truth and beauty! Only this water, given to us by the Son, irrigates the deserts of the soul restless and dissatisfied, "until they rest in God," the celebrated words of St. Augustine. The
" Sunday of the man born blind " presents Christ as the light of the world. The Gospel challenges each of us: "You believe in the Son of Man?". "I believe, Lord" (Jn 9,35.38), says the man born blind with joy, speaking on behalf of every believer. The miracle of healing is the sign that Christ, with the view, wants to open our inner eye, because our faith to become ever deeper and we can acknowledge him as our only Saviour. He lights up all the darkness of life and leads man to live as "children of light .

When, in the fifth Sunday, we are proclaimed the resurrection of Lazarus, we are faced with the ultimate mystery of our existence: "I am the resurrection and the life ... Do you believe this?" (John 11:25-26) . For the Christian community is the time to put all sincerity, together with Martha, all the hope in Jesus of Nazareth: "Yes, Lord, I believe that you are the Christ, the Son of God who comes into the world" ( v. 27). Communion with Christ in this life prepares us to overcome the limits of death, to live without him in the end faith in the resurrection and the hope of eternal life, open our eyes to the ultimate meaning of our existence: God created man for the resurrection and the life, and this truth gives the true dimension and definitive history of the men in their personal lives and their social life, culture, politics, the economy. lacks the light of faith the whole universe ends up locked inside a tomb with no future, no hope.
The Lenten journey is fulfilled in the Paschal Triduum , particularly in the Great Vigil in the Holy Night: renewing our baptismal promises, reaffirm that Christ is Lord of our life, the life that God has told us when we are reborn by water and the Holy Spirit, "and we reaffirm our firm commitment to match the action of grace to be his disciples.

3. We immerse ourselves in the death and resurrection of Christ through the Sacrament of Baptism, pushes us every day to free our hearts from the weight of material things, from a selfish relationship with the "earth", which impoverishes us and prevent us from being available and open to God and neighbor. In Christ, God has revealed himself as Love (cf. 1 Jn 4.7 to 10). The Cross of Christ, "the word of the Cross" expresses God's saving power (cf. 1 Cor 1.18), which gives to raise man up and bring salvation: love in its most radical form (cf. Encycl. Deus Caritas Est, 12 ). Through traditional practices of fasting, almsgiving and prayer, expressions of commitment to conversion, Lent prepares us for life in an increasingly radical love of Christ. Fasting , which may have different motivations for the Christian takes a profoundly religious significance : making our poor meal we learn to overcome selfishness to live in the logic of self-love, enduring the deprivation of something - and not just unnecessary - we learn to look away from our self, to find someone close to us and acknowledge God in the faces of our brothers . For the Christian fasting has nothing intimate, but more open to God and to man's needs, and ensures that the love of God is also love of neighbor (cf. Mk 12:31).

On our journey we also face the temptation of having , greed of money, which undermines the primacy of God in our lives. The greed of possession causes violence, abuse and death for this the Church, especially during Lent, refers to the practice of almsgiving, the capacity, ie, sharing. Idolatry of the goods, however, not only leaves the other, but bare man, he makes you unhappy, it deceives, deceives him without realizing what it promises, because it places the material things instead of God, the only source of life . How to understand the fatherly kindness of God if our hearts are full of themselves and of their projects, with which there is an illusion of being able to secure the future? The temptation is to think like the rich man's story: "My soul, you have many goods for many years ...." We know the opinion of the Lord: "Fool! This very night you will be prompted for your life ... "(Luke 12.19-20). The practice of almsgiving is a reminder of the primacy of God and the attention to the other, to rediscover our good Father and receive his mercy .
Throughout the period of Lent, the Church provides us with a particular abundance the Word of God. meditating and internalized to live it every day, we learn a valuable and irreplaceable form of prayer, so attentive listening to God, who continues to speak to our hearts, power faith journey that we started on the day of Baptism. Prayer allows us to gain a new conception of time without the prospect of eternity and transcendence, in fact, it simply marks our steps towards a horizon that has no future. In prayer we find, however, time for God, to know that "his words shall not pass" (cf. Mk 13:31), to enter into that intimate communion with him that "no one can take away" (cf. Jn 16:22) and that opens us to hope that never disappoints to eternal life.
In summary, the Lenten journey in which we are invited to contemplate the mystery of the Cross, "conform themselves to the death of Christ" (Phil 3:10) to implement a deep conversion of our lives: let us turn from the Holy Spirit, as St. Paul on the Damascus road, a decision directing our lives according to the will of God, free us from our selfishness, overcoming the instinct of domination on others and looking forward to the charity of Christ. The season of Lent is a favorable moment to acknowledge our own weakness, accept, with sincere amendment of life, renewing the grace of the Sacrament of Penance and the decision to walk with Christ.

Dear brothers and sisters, through the personal encounter with our Savior and through fasting, almsgiving and prayer, the process of conversion to Easter leads us to rediscover our baptism. We renew this Lent the reception of the grace that God has given us at that time, to enlighten and guide all our actions. As the sacrament signifies and actually, we are called to live each day with a following of Christ ever more generous and genuine. In our route, we rely on the Virgin Mary, who created the Word of God in faith and in the flesh, as you immerse ourselves in the death and resurrection of His Son Jesus and have eternal life.
Vatican City, November 4, 2010


BENEDICTUS PP. XVI